Tanioka Toshihiro

Researcher

基本情報

Profile and Settings

• 氏名

  Tanioka Toshihiro

Affiliation

• Clinical Pathology, Associate Professor

Location

• Hatanodai Campus

Degree

• Doctor of Pharmaceutical Science, Showa University, Mar. 2000

Achievements

Published Papers

• Monocyte-derived Langerhans cells express Delta-like 4 induced by peptidoglycan and interleukin-4 mediated suppression., Ono Rei;Maeda Kohei;Tanioka Toshihiro;Isozaki Takeo, Frontiers in immunology, 16, Feb. 2025, Peer-reviewed
• Evaluation of salivary α-amylase and immunoglobulin A responses after endurance exercise in adolescent males and females with similar aerobic fitness., Yasuda Nobuo;Tanioka Toshihiro;Nakazawa Kimitaka, European journal of oral sciences, :e12968, Dec. 2023, Peer-reviewed
• MCAM+CD161- Th17 Subset Expressing CD83 Enhances Tc17 Response in Psoriasis., Maeda Kohei;Tanioka Toshihiro;Takahashi Rei;Watanabe Hideaki;Sueki Hirohiko;Takimoto Masafumi;Hashimoto Shin-Ichi;Ikeo Kazuho;Miwa Yusuke;Kasama Tsuyoshi;Iwamoto Sanju, Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 210(12):1867 - 1881, Jun. 2023, Peer-reviewed, DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.2200530
• Suppression of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced IL-1β Gene Expression by High-Molecular-Weight Adiponectin in RAW264.7 Macrophages., Tanioka Toshihiro;Iwamoto Sanju;Nakano Yasuko, Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, 46(11):1498 - 1505, 2023, Peer-reviewed, DOI:10.1248/bpb.b23-00213
• Assessment of whole-body DNA oxidation following prolonged exercise in adolescent males and females matched for aerobic capacity., Nobuo Yasuda; Toshihiro Tanioka; Kimitaka Nakazawa, Neuro endocrinology letters, 43(2):77 - 87, Jun. 2022, Peer-reviewed
• A profile of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in human Delta-1-induced monocyte-derived Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells after stimulation with Toll-like receptor ligands, TAKAHASHI Rei;IWAMOTO Sanju;TANIOKA Toshihiro;MAEDA Kohei, Showa Univ J Med Sci, 33(3):67 - 73, Sep. 2021, Peer-reviewed
• Examination of the Relationship between Worse Symptom and Differences Route during Administration of Argatroban in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients, Sunaga Tomiko;Higashino Mayumi;Kimura Ayasa;Baba Yasuhiko;Tanioka Toshihiro;Watanabe Toru;Sasaki Tadanori, YAKUGAKU ZASSHI, 140(11):1373 - 1380, Nov. 2020, Peer-reviewed, DOI:10.1248/yakushi.20-00090
• Regulatory Effect of IL-4 on Early Th17 Differentiation from Naive T Cells into Stem Cell Memory Th17 Precursors via Modulation of CD31 and CCR6 Expression, MAEDA Kohei;TANIOKA Toshihiro;IWAMOTO Sanju, Showa Univ J Med Sci, 32(2):135 - 145, Jul. 2020, Peer-reviewed
• Protective effects of a nicotinamide derivative, isonicotinamide, against streptozotocin-induced β-cell damage and diabetes in mice., FUKAYA Makiko;TAMURA Yoshiaki;CHIBA Yuko;TANIOKA Toshihiro;MAO Ji;INOUE Yoko;YAMADA Marina;CHRISTIAN Waeber;IDO-KITAMURA Yukari;KITAMURA Tadahiro;KANEKI Masao, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 442(1月2日):92 - 98, Dec. 2013, Peer-reviewed
• 膵β細胞におけるインスリン抵抗性の分子メカニズム, 谷岡　利裕, 昭和大学薬学雑誌, 2(2):127 - 138, Dec. 2011, Peer-reviewed
• NO donor induces Nec-1-inhibitable, but RIP1-independent, necrotic cell death in pancreatic β-cells, Yoshiaki Tamura; Yuko Chiba; Toshihiro Tanioka; Nobuyuki Shimizu; Shohei Shinozaki; Marina Yamada; Kentaro Kaneki; Seijiro Mori; Atsushi Araki; Hideki Ito; Masao Kaneki, FEBS Letters, 585(19):3058 - 3064, Oct. 2011, Peer-reviewed
• Inducible nitric-oxide synthase and nitric oxide donor decrease insulin receptor substrate-2 protein expression by promoting proteasome-dependent degradation in pancreatic β-cells: Involvement of glycogen synthase kinase-3β, Toshihiro Tanioka; Yoshiaki Tamura; Makiko Fukaya; Shohei Shinozaki; Ji Mao; Minhye Kim; Nobuyuki Shimizu; Tadahiro Kitamura; Masao Kaneki, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 286(33):29388 - 29396, Aug. 2011, Peer-reviewed
• Prg1 is regulated by the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Math2, Misa Yamada; Yoshiko Shida; Kou Takahashi; Toshihiro Tanioka; Yasuko Nakano; Takashi Tobe; Mitsuhiko Yamada, Journal of Neurochemistry, 106(6):2375 - 2384, Sep. 2008, Peer-reviewed
• Influence of SNPs in cytokine-related genes on the severity of food allergy and atopic eczema in children, Takaharu Negoro; Kanami Orihara; Tomoko Irahara; Hiroshi Nishiyama; Kanae Hagiwara; Risa Nishida; Hiroki Takagi; Kazue Satoh; Yoshiki Yamamoto; Shunichi Shimizu; Tamio Hagiwara; Masakazu Ishii; Toshihiro Tanioka; Yasuko Nakano; Ken Takeda; Isao Yoshimura; Yoji Iikura; Takashi Tobe, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 17(8):583 - 590, Dec. 2006, Peer-reviewed
• A novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific for high-molecular- weight adiponectin, Yasuko Nakano; Sachiko Tajima; Ai Yoshimi; Haruyo Akiyama; Motoo Tsushima; Toshihiro Tanioka; Takaharu Negoro; Motowo Tomita; Takashi Tobe, Journal of Lipid Research, 47(7):1572 - 1582, 2006, Peer-reviewed
• Regulation of the human leukocyte-derived arginine aminopeptidase/ endoplasmic reticulum-aminopeptidase 2 gene by interferon-γ, Toshihiro Tanioka; Akira Hattori; Shigehiko Mizutani; Masafumi Tsujimoto, FEBS Journal, 272(4):916 - 928, Feb. 2005, Peer-reviewed
• Regulation of cytosolic prostaglandin E synthase by phosphorylation, Tsuyoshi Kobayashi; Yoshihito Nakatani; Toshihiro Tanioka; Masafumi Tsujimoto; Shigeo Nakajo; Kazuyasu Nakaya; Makoto Murakami; Ichiro Kudo, Biochemical Journal, 381(1):59 - 69, Jul. 2004, Peer-reviewed
• Human leukocyte-derived arginine aminopeptidase. The third member of the oxytocinase subfamily of aminopeptidases, Toshihiro Tanioka; Akira Hattori; Shinako Masuda; Yoshihiro Nomura; Hiroshi Nakayama; Shigehiko Mizutani; Masafumi Tsujimoto, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278(34):32275 - 32283, Aug. 2003, Peer-reviewed
• Coupling between cyclooxygenases and prostaglandin F(2alpha) synthase. Detection of an inducible, glutathione-activated, membrane-bound prostaglandin F(2alpha)-synthetic activity., Karin Nakashima; Noriko Ueno; Daisuke Kamei; Toshihiro Tanioka; Yoshihito Nakatani; Makoto Murakami; Ichiro Kudo, Biochimica et biophysica acta, 1633(2):96 - 105, Jul. 2003, Peer-reviewed
• Regulation of cytosolic prostaglandin E2 synthase by 90-kDa heat shock protein, Toshihiro Tanioka; Yoshihito Nakatani; Tsuyoshi Kobayashi; Masafumi Tsujimoto; Sachiko Oh-ishi; Makoto Murakami; Ichiro Kudo, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 303(4):1018 - 1023, Apr. 2003, Peer-reviewed
• Prostaglandin E synthase., Makoto Murakami; Yoshihito Nakatani; Toshihiro Tanioka; Ichiro Kudo, Prostaglandins & other lipid mediators, 68-69:383 - 99, Aug. 2002, Peer-reviewed
• Coupling between Cyclooxygenase, Terminal Prostanoid Synthase, and Phospholipase A2, Noriko Ueno; Makoto Murakami; Toshihiro Tanioka; Ko Fujimori; Tadashi Tanabe; Yoshihiro Urade; Ichiro Kudo, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276(37):34918 - 34927, Sep. 2001, Peer-reviewed
• Molecular identification of cytosolic prostaglandin E2 synthase that is functionally coupled with cyclooxygenase-1 in immediate prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis, T. Tanioka; Y. Nakatani; N. Semmyo; M. Murakami; I. Kudo, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275(42):32775 - 32782, Oct. 2000, Peer-reviewed
• Regulation of prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis by inducible membrane-associated prostaglandin E2 synthase that acts in concert with cyclooxygenase-2, M. Murakami; H. Naraba; T. Tanioka; N. Semmyo; Y. Nakatani; F. Kojima; T. Ikeda; M. Fueki; A. Ueno; S. Oh-ishi; I. Kudo, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275(42):32783 - 32792, Oct. 2000, Peer-reviewed
• プロスタグランジンE2合成酵素の生物学的意義の解明, 谷岡 利裕; 亀井 大輔; 中谷 良人; 村上 誠; 辻本 雅文; 工藤 一郎, 生化学, 72(8):735 - 735, Aug. 2000, Peer-reviewed
• Identification of a cellular protein that functionally interacts with the C2 domain of cytosolic phospholipase A2α, Yoshihito Nakatani; Toshihiro Tanioka; Sachiyo Sunaga; Makoto Murakami; Ichiro Kudo, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275(2):1161 - 1168, Jan. 2000, Peer-reviewed

Presentations

• The Improvement and Effect of Coaching Training Aimed at Enhancing the Teaching Skills of Young Instructors in Hospital Practice at Showa University, Natsumi Matsumoto, Yuka Kashiwabara, Ryo Yonezawa, Akane Hoshi, Akitoshi Takuma, Koji Karasawa, Toshihiro Tanioka, Iori Taki, Hidetsugu Nakagawa, Takeshi Uchikura, Mari Kogo, Katsumi Tanaka, 日本薬学会第145年会, 28 Mar. 2025
• 単球由来ランゲルハンス細胞様樹状細胞はToll様受容体刺激により乾癬関連分子を誘導する, 髙橋玲;前田耕平;谷岡利裕;磯﨑健男, 第67回日本リウマチ学会総会・学術集会, 25 Apr. 2023
• Toll-Like Receptor Ligands Stimulated Monocyte-Derived Langerhans Cell-Like Dendritic Cells Induce Psoriasis-Related Molecules, IL-23 and Delta-Like-4, Rei Takahashi;Kohei Maeda;Toshihiro Tanioka;Takeo Isozaki, 2022 ACR Convergence, 13 Nov. 2022, Philadelphia, PA・Web開催
• A profile of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in human Delta-1-induced monocyte-derived Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells after stimulation with Toll-like receptor ligands, TAKAHASHI Rei;IWAMOTO Sanju;TANIOKA Toshihiro;MAEDA Kohei, 第50回日本免疫学会学術集会, 09 Dec. 2021, 奈良・オンライン開催
• A profile of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in human Delta-1-induced monocyte-derived Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells after stimulation with Toll-like receptor ligands, Rei Takahashi;Sanju Iwamoto;Toshihiro Tanioka;Kohei Maeda, The 50th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society for Immunology, 09 Dec. 2021, 奈良・Web開催
• 単球由来Dleta-1誘導ランゲルハンス細胞様樹状細胞は乾癬病態に関連するサイトカインを産生する, 髙橋　玲;巖本　三壽;谷岡　利裕;前田　耕平, 第36回日本乾癬学会学術大会, 03 Sep. 2021, 浦安
• 乾癬における病的なTh１７サブセットの遺伝子発現の特異性, 巖本　三壽;前田　耕平;髙橋　玲;谷岡　利裕;渡辺　秀晃;末木　博彦, 第35回日本乾癬学会学術大会, 13 Sep. 2020, Web開催
• 単球由来ランゲルハンス細胞様樹状細胞の形質と機能解析, 髙橋　玲;巖本　三壽;谷岡　利裕;前田　耕平, 日本薬学会第140年会, 27 Mar. 2020, Web公開
• Pathogenic MCAM+ CD161- Th17 Subset Increased a CD8-T-Cell-Activator Membranous CD83 Expression in Psoriasis, MAEDA Kohei;TANIOKA Toshihiro;WATANABE Hideaki;SUEKI Hirohiko;HASHIMOTO Shinichi;IWAMOTO Sanju, 第48回日本免疫学会学術集会, 11 Dec. 2019, 浜松
• Effects of the menstrual cycle phase on autonomic responses following submaximal exercise in physically active adolescent girls., UKON Y;TANIOKA Toshihiro;NAKAZAWA K;YASUDA N, 2019 ASICS SMA Conference, 23 Oct. 2019, Australia
• Assessment of 17β-estradiol level in response to DNA oxidation following submaximal exercise in adolescent girls., YASUDA N;TANIOKA Toshihiro;NAKAZAWA K, 2019 ASICS SMA Conference, 23 Oct. 2019, Australia
• Evaluation of autonomic activation after maximal cycling exercise in adolescent boys and girls., ANDO Y;TANIOKA Toshihiro;NAKAZAWA K;YASUDA N, 2019 ASICS SMA Conference, 23 Oct. 2019, Australia
• 乾癬病態におけるMCAM+CD161-CD83+Th17細胞サブセット関与の検討, 巖本　三壽;前田　耕平;髙橋　玲;渡辺　秀晃;末木　博彦, 第34回日本乾癬学会学術大会, 30 Aug. 2019, 京都
• 改訂薬学教育モデル・コアカリキュラムにおける実務実習で関わるべき代表的な8疾患の実習実施状況調査(第2報), 山本　仁美;唐沢　浩二;松林　智子;熊木　良太;柴田　佳太;谷岡　利裕;滝　伊織;田島　正教;北原　加奈之;阿部　誠治;岸本　桂子;田中　佐知子;福原　潔;佐々木　忠徳;原　俊太郎;向後　麻里;加藤　裕久;中村　明弘, 日本薬学会第139年会, 21 Mar. 2019, 千葉
• Pathogenesis of Psoriasis with human Th17 and Tc17 Differentiation, IWAMOTO Sanju;MAEDA Kouhei;TANIOKA Toshihiro;WATANABE Hideaki;SUEKI Hirohiko, 第47回日本免疫学会総会, 10 Dec. 2018, 福岡
• Role of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) on inflammation, TANIOKA Toshihiro;IWAMOTO Sanju, 第47回日本免疫学会, 10 Dec. 2018, 福岡
• Similar alterations of DNA oxidation levels following prolonged exercise in adolescent boys and girls matched for aerobic capacity., YASUDA N;TANIOKA Toshihiro, Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting, 21 Apr. 2018, Canada
• 改訂薬学教育モデル・コアカリキュラムにおける実務実習で関わるべき代表的な8疾患の実習実施状況調査, 山本　仁美;唐沢　浩二;松林　智子;熊木　良太;柴田　佳太;谷岡　利裕;滝　伊織;田島　正教;北原　加奈之;阿部　誠治;石井　正和;田中　佐知子;福原　潔;佐々木　忠徳;原　俊太郎;向後　麻里;加藤　裕久;中村　明弘, 日本薬学会第138年会, 28 Mar. 2018, 金沢
• マクロファージにおけるS-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR)のの機能, 谷岡　利裕;篠崎　昇平;鈴木　結貴;出町　侑希子;奥田　貴久;長谷場　健;原　俊太郎, 日本薬学会第138年会, 25 Mar. 2018, 金沢
• S-ニトロソグルタチオン還元酵素（GSNOR）の炎症における役割, 谷岡　利裕;篠崎　昇平;松田　梨那;成尾　宗浩;奥田　貴久;長谷場　健;原　俊太郎, 日本分子生物学会・日本生化学会合同年次大会(2017年度生命科学系学会合同年次大会ConBio2017), 25 Dec. 2017, 神戸
• Assessment of urinary neurotrophins during two different menstrual cycle phases following endurance exercise., YASUDA N;TANIOKA Toshihiro, 2017 ASICS SMA Conference, 25 Oct. 2017, Australia
• Role of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) on inflammation, TANIOKA Toshihiro;SHINOZAKI Shohei;MATSUDA Rina;NARUO Munehiro;OKUDA Takahisa;HASEBA Takeshi;HARA Shuntaro, 13th World Congress on inflammation, 08 Jul. 2017, London
• β-Cateninによる膵β細胞転写因子PDX-1発現制御, 谷岡　利裕;向田　汐里;佐藤　会連;深津　陽平;原　俊太郎, 日本薬学会第137年会, 25 Mar. 2017, 仙台
• The effects of different menstrual cycle phases on urinary biopyrrin excretion following 2-h prolonged exercise., YASUDA Nobuo;TANIOKA Toshihiro, The 2015 Asics Sports Medicine Australia Conference, 21 Oct. 2015, Australia
• HMW Adiponectin suppresses LPS-induced IL-1β expression through inhibiting Akt-C/EBPβ inflammatory signaling in RAW 264.7 macrophage., TANIOKA Toshihiro;TAINAGA Yoshinao;YAMADA Michiyo;KAMIMURA Yuuri;SUZUKI Mariko;TAKATORI Saori;NAKANO Yasuko, The 12th World Congress on Inflammation, 10 Aug. 2015, Boston
• iNOS Activates GSK-3β and Thereby Decreases PDX1 Expression in Pancreatic β-Cells: Role of β-Catenin, TANIOKA Toshihiro;SHINOZAKI Shohei;NAKANO Yasuko;KITAMURA Tadahiro;KANEKI Masao, 75th Scientific Sessions American Diabetes Association, 05 Jun. 2015, Boston
• No effects of the menstrual cycle phases on the urinary levels of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) following prolonged exercise., YASUDA Nobuo;TANIOKA Toshihiro, Experimental Biology 2015, 28 Mar. 2015, Boston
• アディポネクチンによる炎症性サイトカイン抑制作用の解析, 谷岡　利裕;躰長　義直;山田　倫世;根来　孝治;中野　泰子, 第35回日本炎症・再生医学会/第1回日本骨免疫会議, 02 Jul. 2014, 名護
• iNOS Suppresses PDX1 Expression in Pancreatic β-Cells: Role of GSK-3β/β-Catenin Pathway, TANIOKA Toshihiro;TAMURA Yoshiaki;SHIMIZU Nobuyuki;NAKANO Yasuko;KITAMURA Tadahiro;KANEKI Masao, 74th Scientific Sessions American Diabetes Association, 13 Jun. 2014, San Francisco
• Adiponectin preferentially inhibit LPS-induced IL-1β expression on macrophage., TANIOKA Toshihiro;TAINAGA Yoshinao;YAMADA Michiyo;NEGORO Takaharu;NAKANO Yasuko, The 22nd International Symposium on Molecular Cell Biology of Macrophages, 02 Jun. 2014, Kobe
• アディポネクチンによる抗炎症作用の解析, 谷岡　利裕;躰長　義直;山田　倫世;根来　孝治;中野　泰子, 第36回日本分子生物学会年会, 04 Dec. 2013, 神戸
• Evaluation of menstrual cycle effects on mucosal immune function following intermittent exercise training, YASUDA Nobuo;TANIOKA Toshihiro;Kanaura M;Adachi A, 2013 ASICS CONFERENCE OF SCIENCE AND MEDICINE IN SPORT, 22 Oct. 2013, Thailand
• Sex-based comparisons in oxidative DNA damage following 2h moderate cycling exercise., YASUDA Nobuo;TANIOKA Toshihiro, Experimental Biology 2013, 09 Apr. 2013, Boston
• Determination　of　salivary　alpha-amylase　activities　based on two types of methods following submaximal cycling exercise., TERAOKA Riku;TANIOKA Toshihiro;YASUDA Nobuo, 第85回日本生化学大会, 16 Dec. 2012, 福岡
• Dose 17beta-estradiol concentration influence on oxidative DNA damage following 2 hours of prolonged cycling exercise?, YASUDA Nobuo;TANIOKA Toshihiro, 第85回日本生化学大会, 16 Dec. 2012, 福岡
• アディポネクチンにより誘導されるIRF-7が破骨細胞分化を制御する, 谷岡　利裕;石直　南;杉原　希美;平川　琴美;石原　伸恵;根来　孝治;中野　泰子, 第85回日本生化学会大会, 15 Dec. 2012, 福岡
• Effects of menstrual cycle phase on salivary α-amylase activity following 2 hours of cycling exercise in recreationally active eumenorrheic women., YASUDA Nobuo;TANIOKA Toshihiro;IWASHITA N;YAMAMOTO K, Be Active 2012: Australian Conference of Science and Medicine in Sport, 02 Nov. 2012, Sydney, Australia
• Sex-based differences in salivary α-amylase activity following maximal cycling exercise., YAMAMOTO K;IWASHITA N;TANIOKA Toshihiro;YASUDA Nobuo, Be Active 2012: Australian Conference of Science and Medicine in Sport, 02 Nov. 2012, Sydney, Australia
• Effects of prolonged exercise with and without carbohydrate-electrolyte solution on salivary α-amylase activity in men., IWASHITA N;YAMAMOTO K;TANIOKA Toshihiro;YASUDA Nobuo, Be Active 2012: Australian Conference of Science and Medicine in Sport, 01 Nov. 2012, Sydney, Australia
• Effects of the menstrual cycle phase on oxidative DNA damage following submaximal cycling exercise., YASUDA Nobuo;TANIOKA Toshihiro, Integrative Biology of Exercise VI, 10 Oct. 2012, Colorado, USA
• Sex- based differences in salivary α-amylase and IgA responses following submaximal cycling exercise., TERAOKA, R;TANIOKA Toshihiro;YASUDA Nobuo, Integrative Biology of Exercise VI, 10 Oct. 2012, Colorado, USA
• Molecular Structure and Function of High-Molecular-Weight Adiponectin., NAKANO Yasuko;SHOJI Ayako;AKIYAMA Haruyo;NEGORO Takaharu;TANIOKA Toshihiro;SAITO Kiyomi, The 64th FUJIWARA SEMINAR, International Symposium on Adiponectin Biology and Medicine, 04 Aug. 2012, Tomakomai
• Potentiated macrophage activation by acid sensing under low adiponectin levels., NEGORO Takaharu;AKIYAMA Haruyo;TANIOKA Toshihiro;SAITO Kiyomi;SHIMIZU Shunichi;NAKANO Yasuko, The 64th FUJIWARA SEMINAR, International Symposium on Adiponectin Biology and Medicine, 04 Aug. 2012, Tomakomai
• Effect of RACK1 on impaired functions of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells from asthma subjects., NEGORO Takaharu;SHIMIZU Shunichi;NARUSHIMA Michiaki;ENDO Atsushi;TANIOKA Toshihiro;NAKANO Yasuko, 第40回日本免疫学会学術集会, 27 Nov. 2011, 千葉
• アディポネクチンによる破骨細胞分化抑制機構の解明, 石直　南;谷岡　利裕;平川　琴美;根来　孝治;中野　泰子, 第55回日本薬学会関東支部大会, 08 Oct. 2011, 千葉
• iNOS Promotes Proteasome-Dependent Degradation of IRS-2 and Suppresses PDX-1 Expression by Activating GSK-3β in Pancreatic β-cells., 谷岡　利裕;TAMURA Yoshiaki;FUKAYA Makiko;KITAMURA Tadahiro;KANEKI Masao, American Diabetes Association (ADA) 71th Scientific Sessions, 27 Jun. 2011, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.